Primary cell or battery



pt- 1952 G. w. HElSE ET AL PRIMARY CELL OR BATTERY Filed Oct. 2 194 CHLOYRINE INLET I mach 10 a w 2i M 2 m N 0 an B I IV ATTRNEY Patented Sept. 30, 1952 PRIMARY oELL on BATTERY George W. Heise, Fairview, and Erwin A. Schumacher, Par-ma, Ohio, assignors, by mesne assignment's, to Union -Car hide and Carbon Cor-,5

,- vporation, a corporation of New York Application October 2, 1948, Serial No. 52,472

9 Claims. '(01. 136-86) This invention relates to a dry cell of the de-" ferred action, gasedepolarized type and has for its object to provide a compact cellor/battery of vsuch cells giving a high current density, a

high voltage, and high wattage per unit of weight and per unit of volume. Another object is to provide a gas-depolarized battery of improved output characteristics; ,A"further; object is to,

providea deferred action, gas-depolarized battery" and cell using low cost materials, having, vgoodlkeeping quality or shelf life prior to activae tion and which may be activated rapidly and maintain a heavy duty output. Other objects and features of the'invention willappear in the following description.

Many suggestions have, been advanced for a chlorine-depolarized cell -'but the embodiments of such ideas have usually'been uneconomical of space and weight per unit output, of cumbersome construction and of restricted applicability.

According to this invention a deferred action, gas-deplorarized dry cell isprovided having high initial output per "unit of weight, which cell is also economicalofspaceand' may be used many position. Specifically a thin; 'fiat, dry cell is provided with a metal anode, an immobilized electrolyte paste material contiguous one side of the anode, and witha rnoistened andporous carbon cathode adjacent the electrolyte: paste material and in circuit therewith. The cathode is moist enough to absorb the depolarizing gas into an aqueous solution for effecting depolarization but is at the same time porous enough so that the depolarizing gas is absorbed through the porous cathode material into the cathode pores where it comes in contact with a greater area of the moistened material than if it merely contacted with the edges of the moist material.

Referring to the drawing;

Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional viewfshowing one embodiment of this invention; and

Fig. 2 is an enlarged section on the line 22 1 y1 i. 1 g I 'For'purposes of illustration, this invention is shown embodied in an electric battery comprisingtwo cells but it will be understood that as many cells as are desired may appropriately be connected. 1 A typical cell comprises a zinc anode l and contiguous'to the anode is an immobilized electrolyte material -inthe form'of anode paste l2 made With'a'cereal-ipa'ste, for instance flour or starch, .cellulo'se," wood flour, bentonite and the like thickening agents but preferably with methyl cellulose, 'and"'aqueouszinc-"chloride solution prevented from spreading b'y paste retaining spacer supports M. A porous carbon cathode 16":- Wet with aqueous zinc; chloride, is,' preierab ly,* separated from the anode paste-by a bibulous, electrolyte-insoluble cellulose sheet l 8,' which prevents particles of the cathode'from contact ing the anode. Channels 20 extending from the edges of the cathode into or through the c'athode are preferably used in large cells to provide} access of chlorine to the inner parts of thecathode. A layer 22 of non-porous conductive material, for instance non-porous graphite, separates V the cathode of one cell from the anode of'thej next cell. End clamping plates 24 'and"2"*of stiff insulating material, inertto fchloiinelfori instance fibre board impregnated with a' resin containing vinyl chloride, are cla mped by bolts" 28 against the cells. Conductor ma nets are connected to terminal plates Which may"b the anode of the cell at one'en'd of the batt'e and a similar sheet of zinc or other metal or carbonatthe other end of the battery. Ape estal 3,4 supports the battery cells within 'tl'ie sing 36, such casing together w'ith'a cover '38 and gasket 49 providing a gas-tight housing-font e battery when the parts are drawn together by? the bolts 42. An inlet pipe 44 leads toany a'p propriate source of chlorine, preferably unde pressure, for instanoea cylinder-of chl'orin'e or an apparatus for generating chltn'ine; hninlet control valve 46 is normally"closed untilftiine" for the battery to 'be activated. An outletplpef 48 provided with a control valve 50 is connected to a source of vacuum so that, ii desired before the admission of chlorine, the housing means i, may be exhausted to facilitat' the entry of ch10 rineinto the'housing and cells. In atypical cell, the anode Tie a circular sheet of zinc, 0l0l6 inch'thick and about"3" inches in"- diameter. The zinc isof dry-battery duality pref erably containing not more than 0.6% ea' chfo'f a cadmium and lead and notmo're thar'i'Q.'03 iron, by weight. The anode pastecomprises-water soluble methyl cellulose, water and mercuric-and zinc chlorides in the proportion" of 360 parts by weight of dry centipoises viscosity w'atersolu ble methyl cellulose, 3000 parts of distilled water," parts of 'mercuric chlorideyand 30(lpa'rts of zinc chloride. The spacer elements arej'of'resin which does not deteriorate in the presenceor chlorine, for instance vinyl res'in containing vinyl chloride, 0.02 inch'thick and-of a size-to fit the anode and leave a margin ofabout- /g to inch" wide ofzinc. The openportion' of the spacer-.1

element is then filled with the "anode paste and; '55" the excess paste removed by a straight e'zdge 3 passed over the surface of the spacer element. The layer of immobilized anodic electrolyte thus formed is coextensive with the spacer element, about 0.02 inch thick and weighs about 0.015 ounce per square inch of active anode surface. A sheet of bibulous separator material, conveniently a sheet of water-absorptive cellulosic tissue, or' cloth of the usual materials, or glass, resin and the like, about 0.001 inch thick, for instance tissue paper, is wet with aqueous electrolyte solution. (90 parts of distilled Water and parts of ZnClz, by Weight) and placed over the immobilized electrolyte. Either before or afterapplication, the

separator sheet is trimmed sothat it. is. coextene;

slve with the spacer element;

The cathode material is prepared by mixing 12 parts by weight of a carbon blackwith. 60 parts by weight of the aqueous electrolyte solution and working the mixture until it is free from lumps. The cathode is conveniently prepared by filling a mold of. such size as to. give, when compressed, a cakesof asize to be supported on the spacer element': andof the. desired thickness, compressing and: removing: the cake thus formed. Thecake is then applied to the spacer element. in contact with theanode. paste or, if used, theseparator. Asheet. of non-porous conducting material, for instance non-porous graphite coextensive with the cathode-or, preferably, slightly larger and coextensive-with the anode, is then applied to the cathode. Any anode paste which extrudes at the edges of the. cell when the cathode cake is applied is...preferably wiped off. For convenience inproducing batteries comprising a plurality of cells, theanodes may: havethe non-porous conducting 1ayen 22 attached to them.

The. characteristics of. the carbon used in. the cathode-ares important. For a cell which is. to

. develop high voltage at high current drain. as

quickly-aapossibleafter the admission of chlorine to.the housing,the'carbon should have the largest possible surface development; for rapid sorption ofs chlorine and to makethe gas-electrochemically effective; itshould-havethe highest possible conductivity to keep; down internal resistance; itv

should absorb large quantities of aqueous electrolyte without affecting the depolarization re-- action; itshould, over a wide range of wetness. values, absorb chlorine; and it shouldbe. moldable;,- either withbinders or, preferably, alone or. with. only; the aqueous electrolyte, to. give a firm compact mass" with the best possible adhesion-tozadjacent cell elements. The best carbons.

are. carbon blacks with. a chain-type structure havingameanultimate particle diameter of from 5 to millimicrons,.for-instance. small particle sizedzacetylene blacks, gasblacks having a chain structure, and thelike. These blacks-with ultimate. particle sizesup. to 100 millimicrons may be...used

Bindersrused for reinforcing the cathode cake comprise glassor, cellulosic fibres or vegetable or mineral fibres which are distributed throughout themixandwhich are not affected by chlorinevor electrolyte. Other binders which may be usedadvantageously-are.powdered or fibrous substances which; become tacky or sticky in contact witheelectrolyte, for instance cereals such. aszfiour onstarch-,,orvegetable, animal or synthetic glues, gelatine: products and the." like.

Garbon blacks which. are usable in the cells but are not so satisfactory are characterized by large particle size, low sorptivecapacity for electrolyte, and: discontinuousistructure with isolated particles I 1 Relatively unsatisfactory carbonaceous ma.- terials are lampblacks, cokes, graphites and the like unless used with metals or their salts or oxides, for instance copper, silver, platinum, nickel which may exist in more than one valence. Only a small quantity 1.0%) is necessary. Also; these catalysts mayrbe used: with any of the. cathode materials, and. may be: applied either by'admixture with carbon or the cathode electrolyte. But as the salts of the metals which are more cathodic than the anode metal may cause corrosion of the anode metal during storage of the. cell, it; is preferred. to use no such additions.

A satisfactory circular cell of 113/16 inches diameter of active; material was prepared using materials of. the: following specifications: zinc anode, 0.011 inch thick; electrolyte, parts by weight of water and 10 parts of zinc chloride; anode-paste, 14 grams of centipoises methyl cellulose, grams electrolyte, 0.70 gram of mercuric chloride; separator, kraft paper 0.001

inch thick soaked in electrolyte; cathode mix...

20.0. grams of acetylene black, 519. grams I of else.- trolyte- The. cell wasprepared; using. 017 gram of. anode. paste giving; alayer 0.014. inch thick,

6.20 grams of cathode mixcompressedi at 14175 pounds. per square inch'forming a disc 113/16 inches in diameter by 0.175 inch thick; the. cathode density was 0.84. gram per cc. and-l the. porosity was. 31.7%,. meaning. that the cathode contained 31.7%. of. its. volume as. evenlydistributed pore openings. The cathode collector or.

cathodic terminal wasa. sheet of zinc 0.011 inch.

faced with a non-porous layer. of conducting: paint 0.004' inchthi'ck. The assembled. cell. in.- cluding the cathode terminal; was 0.217 inch thick and when. clamped. between the clamping, plates was 0.188 inchthick. This. cell, in a housing, was evacuated to 27 inches. mercury. Chlorine pressure was then built up to 9.0 pounds per square inch at 23 C. The. open circuit voltage of the cell at 90." pounds. chlorine pressure.

was'2;l0 volts. Upon closing, the. circuit. drawing. 1.42 watts per square inchiof. active. anode. surface or 3.68wattsfrom. the cell, the results were? For the last two readings, when the cell was practically exhausted, the load was. changed; to bring the current drain back to the; original of. 1.99 amperes. to: check. the voltage drop to in.- dicatethe. performance of the cell at the: same current drain. The dropin voltage between 9; and l0. minutes.-indicates a.criticalaccumulation:

of. by-products of the reaction. Since this: cell! was intendedto functiom for only 5 minutes;. it isobvious. that an. ample factor of. safety was:

being. maintained. Had thecurrent:- drain on; thiscell. been. reduced,v the useful life'of. the. eel

would; have. been extended:

"Thezinc'anode may theoretically-be as thin as @0016 inch for an active cell life of minutes at average drain of 2.20amperes forthe celldescribed, and may be as thick as desired." Prac- -tical1y,"the thinness of the anodeis determined 7 voltages listed in Table 2.

It 'will'be noted that chlorine depolarized cells;

. their respective chlorides givetheopen circuit of substantial, useful voltage can be produced,

even with metals (Fe, 'Cd, Ni, Cu, etc.) whose potentials are too low for consideration with conventional battery depolarizers Table -2 I Anode Voltage Magnesi 2.85 Aluminum (amalgamated). 2. 45 Aluminum. 2.05 Zinc (amalgamated)- 2. 05 Zinc- 2, 02

on- .Q 1. 75 Cadmium l. 70 Nickel- 1.55 opp r;

Thereactionsv when zinc or. amalgamated zinc is theanode'and chlorine is the activatinggas, are-e At anode:

' -1Zn- Zn+++2e Atcathode:

H 'Clz+2e' 2Cl Overall reaction;

Similar reactions occur-with anodes of other metals;

Chlorine differs from theother halogens with respect to practical features, -for instance avail.- ability of commercial-quantities of the halogen,- cost. boiling point, vapor pressure and the like.

However. bromine. maybe used as it exists in,

vapor form below-the boiling point of water; and the cells, and supplyof bromine maybe maintained in a heated condition to-provide .the.

requisite amountof gaseous bromine.., Operation of the cell: with" either bromine or-chl0rine at temperatures just short of the boiling point of the electrolyte and'pressures corresponding to the gas-liquid, equilibrium pressures of the halogen and, aluminum anodes are less reliable met, 1 storage,-*than cells having zinc or iron anodes." Also cells containing magnesium have not the ampere-hour capacity of cells containing zinc, partly because the reaction product, MgCl-z, has a lower solubility than zinc chloride, and partlyl as the magnesium chloride formed 'durin'gdischarge of the cell crystallizes from a saturated solution with six molecules of water of hydration and thus, in effect, acts to dehydrate the cell and to deposit hydrated magnesium chloride. If short" life is not a deterring factor, cells containing anodes of magnesium may be advantageous in view oftheir higher voltage.

Where the anode is magnesium, the use ofan- 5 electrolyte which maintains a pH above 10.5 willprevent corrosion of the anode prior'to activation of the cell, for instance where magnesium is the anode, an electrolyte consisting of 'sodium'hydroxide, or the'equivalent in potassium, calcium, ba'rium or other basic metals, materially reduces 5 corrosion of the anode during storage of the-celli' By way of example an electrolyte comprising a 2 l per cent solution of NaOH has proved satis-= factory. The same basic electrolyte solution is used for preparing both the anode paste andthef cathode. The alkaline material gives an oxide or hydroxide, of the metal of the anode as a layerf on the surface of the anode, the oxide or'hy droxide being insoluble in the solution of the electrolyte-and thus protecting the anode metal. During activation with chlorine this alkaline ma- 5 terial'or base is neutralized. 1 Magnesium anodes i give a'lighter weight cell than zinc anodes.

One active electrode surface is that between; the anode and the immobilized electrolyte! On' the left side of each anode, except the" leftmost anode illustrated, is the conducting'coating' 'fl" which should preferablyhave the cathode terial of the adjacent cell free from its edge as to minimize the danger of any cathodeim terial being placed contiguous the metalofth'e adjacent cell. The conducting coating may be" on the leftmost anode as; although unnecessary on this anode, it does no harm and 'itfi's mo e convenient in making, the battery to have te'wer' difierenttypes of parts. if: The characteristics of the anode paste warm; portant in the type'of'cell l lereindisclosed, The anode paste should, atall times', h a ve such a con-Alf sistency that it is sufficiently soft to make good" contact with the adjacent elements of the cell, 1 yet not so fluid that it runs from between the adjacent elements, and'the character of theanode' paste in these respects should 'not change materially over a temperature range of from 0 C. to I 40 C. upon storage of the cell." The paste should i also contain suificient aqueous electrolyte to be? highly conductive. Pastes prepared by mixing is contemplated. Operation of the .cell athigher temperaturesthan'correspond to the gas-liquid equilibrium pressures results in-poorer performance. 'At suitable temperatures and pressures to maintain the gaseous condition, other gases such as chlorine peroxide (Cl02 )l'or nitrogen peroxide (N02) maybeused with, orito replace, chlorine or bromine. Preferably, however, the chlorine peroxide is used ,as-it is completely consumed whereas nitrogen peroxideis not, being only par-.-

tially reduced electrochemically vAlurninumand magnesium anodesin acid or:

neutral electrolyte, corrode" mprei than, iron and v zinc anodes duringstorage and'also during dis-1 chargeofthe' cell. Thus cells having magnesium the usual cereals with an aqueous solution of the electrolyte salt, in such proportions as to give a .f paste of the proper water content and viscosity, may be used but cells so prepared have relative ly poorer keeping quality thanfeells containing methyl cellulosepaste and are characterizediby, less uniform performance after storagef'ijj f It was found, however, that if a paste is made containing a water-soluble alkyl cellulose acterized by being more soluble in coldwaterf than, in hot water the gel is characterized by increas j ing ,viscosity as the temperature rises even though there is no loss of water; and thislcharacterifstic. of this material is utilized to advantage in, the cell{ viscosity upon increase in temperature compem" sates for thelowering irrgelling; temperature: with the risei-inchloride concentration resulting;

from operation. of thecelL, l

.Injthepreferred method of: making thepaste,

theqiibrousr'methyl. cellulose is macerated with; a

homaqd-lebus solution; of zinc: chloride or other electrolyteiordnstance at. 75* to 85. C. Thermix.

is allowedto cool-slowly, to allow the fibres totake up-assmuch of the-liquidastheywill absorbin a reasonable-length. of time and. to permit the: es.--

cape of-entrapped. air.; for instance over: a. time.

interval. of, from /2.

necessary. 'I,he..;resultant semi-pasty mixtureisthen refrigerated to about C; to +1030. until.

clear, and. stirred". until. homogeneous, The preferredmix has a consistency between. heavy glucose;,syr.up.--.whichvisadiflicult to pour but still' readily?sh ftf ds:andahomogeneous sticky paste.

Water-soluble alkyl celluloses may be obtained.

in .many -so-calledviscosities. depending upon.

to. 2.4hours,.or as may be. 1

how they are: agedandotherwise treated during.

manufacture.-. The. viscosity rating of the, alkyl celluloseimeans; that anaquecussolution containingia: given: percentagesof a higher viscosity .alkyl.

CHILI-1088111315 a higher viscosity than has.anaque-- ousisolutioircontainingthe same. percentage. of a lower-Wiscosity alkyl cellulose, Thusmethyl cellu'lqfifivion thee-market.isxsupplied in such visc0si-; V ties.-'that:2%.- aqueous solutions at.20 C. have average yiscositiesof 15., 25, 50, 1-00, 400, 1500,4000 andhigher centipoises. For. thepurposes of-the present invention; anode paste maybe made with.

methyl-cellulose ofany of. these viscosities 0 .the present invention. can. be prepared by maceratingat 80 C., 14 grams of fibrous .100. viscosity water-soluble methyl cellulose. (a 2%- solution. has. a viscosity of 10.0 centipoises at 20. C.) in 120. grams. of aqueous 10% zinc chloride. containing. 10.70gram of mercuric chloride Thismix is allowed. to. cool overnight, finally reaching a temperature of about 25 (1., at which timethe mix. is semi-pasty but somewhat. fibrous f and'not clear, not transparent nor a homogeneous,

fluid; The mix is then. placed in a refrigerator. maintained at 0?. C. until it is clear andfluid (approximately 16 hours), stirred untilhomogeneous and has. the consistency of heavy glucose syrup.

Anodepastesimilarly prepared, using from 10.

to '25 parts. by weighto'f the l00.centip.oises methyl cellulose, may be. used. Where a higher or lower'viscosi'ty type methyl cellulose is used, the amount. usedper 120 grams of electrolyte. should beappropriate to give pastes having. propertiesv similar to the; paste described. Satisfactory paste have consistencies ranging from. heavy syrup (100,000 centipoises. atthe temperature. of. spreading oriuse). tolibrary paste, the latter being nonpourable' but readily spreads. The paste should besticky, adherentto metals, particularly zinc,.

andform. a continuous bubble-free layer.

.Wateresoluble ethyl .cellulose has substantially the same characteristics as methyl cellulose and any combination of either. water-soluble methyl r eles t, i'e e iim u e.

'in. a flat type. cell;

with; any amount. of. aqueous. electrolyte, provided.- the. materials 'and amounts. thereof; aread justed: to. give. final pastes having, the viscositiesdescribed.

Theanocle. pastes may be made in any suitable manner other than that-previously describedgfor.

example by. maceratirig, the alky-l cellulosefin' all or a portion. of. the. electrolyte. water, andthen'} dissolvingthe. electrolyte salt in such. a solution..

Caustic pastes for magnesium cells maybe. pres. pared in the same manner as salt pastes The electrolyte paste. is. assisted from. spread ing under pressure-by theretainer illustrated..- The combination of the electrolyte paste. and re.- tainer between; clamped. electrodes is. important; The paste. must have. such) a consistency that it does. not runor ooze ou'tlofY the space between the. electrodes on. accountof its own mobility but it should .beas fluid aspossible;, shortofthenon running-stage, to afford the.

best. electrical contact between. the elementsv of the cell with which itcontacts. The retainer. serves the dual purposes of separatingthe electrode elements and the suporting and immobilizing the paste, yet the retainer differs from paper or other porous separator in that the retainer provides maximum current paths directly between the elements of the cell which contact the:

paste but prevents displacement of the paste.

In the cell. of. the present invention, the parts of the cell are under compression and the elec trolyte paste would be squeezed from between the'electrode elements if it were not for the-res.

tainer, which is preferably somewhat yieldabl under the, compression, so that as the electrode elements are forced together it provides a closed compartment containing the paste under com pression, the retainer forming the side walls of the compartment and also spacing the electrode.

elements. The retainer-may be. of any material which does not disintegrate under the influence.- of the aqueous electrolyte, or nitrogen or such halogen as is used for depolarization, for instance synthetic resins or rubbers resistant to these influences, for instance those sold under the "brand names of nylon, Vinyon, neoprene? The retainer-may also be a cellulose materlal, for instance pulpboard, which ah I and the like.

sorbs electrolyte solution and becomes conductive.

Such retainers are preferably soaked in electro lyte before use to prevent-partial dehydration of the paste.

erably waterproofed, for'instance, withwax.

Suflicient' anode paste should be used to fill the compartment and have the'paste packed tightly against the adjacent elements of the cell when the cell is compressed. Too little paste in the compartment does not sufli'ciently force the paste against: the adjacent elements of the cellv for the. best. contact andi. too'much paste causes the excess paste tooo ze from theperiphery when the cell elements are pressed together;

with thepossibi'lity 01" establishing.electrolyte contact with the. adjacent cel The cathode [6 comprises carbon black mixed with aqueous electrolyte and compressed, The weight. of the aqueous electrolyte... runs'f'rom 3 W333, parts bywei'ght to. parts of the, .black; The wet mass. is mechanically worked'untilj free from lumps and then pressed in a moldiund'e'r a. pressure of from 5. to 5.00pounds per square inch. until it has a. porosity of 57 m 1% a 'Byla. porosity 0g; meflflt-fiha tfrom 5% t 701 3 a density from 0.33..t0,"'1.7.'6.

If the cellulosic materials are not" soaked in electrolyte before use, they are prefmeates the cathode and the better. is the depolarizing'action and the higher the voltage and amperage'obtained from the cell up to the point where the cathodei-s "so lightly compressed and J so porous that the particles of carbon make poor contaot'with one another, the internal resistance of the cathode is. increased appreciably, the

Y molded cathode isso weak thatit does-.not-hold 'together andit has .poor contact withtheseparator.

The moisture content of the cathode isim- 1 portant. from severalpoints of view. Thewater is the;.binder;for.. the carbon, black; it dissolves the depolarizing'chlorine, it is. the medium in :which the depolarizing v reaction occurs, it. islthe medium. which absorbs .the products'of the depolarizing'reaction, .it is the carrierpofthe, electrolyte saltor equivalent, and the solution which it; forms with. the electrolyte salt and the depolarization productsis. the medium by which .7 the electric current passes between. the anode andthe cathode.

In the cell disclosed, the cathode cannotcon- --tain lessthanthe minimum amount; of water given else the carbon black will crumble and not'form a strong cake and the cathode cannot contain more than the maximum, amount; of

. water given else the cathode istoo soft to hold itsshape. ,In the depolarizing reaction at the cathode, the; water may be thought of .as dissolving the Cla-in a form capable of reacting to depolarize the cathode. The rate atwhich depolarization occurs in the present, cell is extremely high as theactive cathode surface is very largepthis rate depending upon the availability of the chlorine, ,that is the concentration ,of thechlorine at the cathode-electrolyte inter- -face.,. The less amount of water in thecathode and; the moreporous the cathode, other .conditions being the same, the more quickly the chlo- -,rine can reach all of the particles and the more quickly the chlorine will produce a concentrated aqueous depol rizing chlorine. solution at the surface of the carbon particles. However, the greater theamount of water inthecathode. the longerv will be tions being the same and provided that the =.5 anod e contains H sufilcient anodic metal ,to last for the life of thecell, as the greater quantity ,0: water does notbecome saturated with the products of depolarization so quickly as does the :smaller amount of, water. The amount of water 1 maybe so great that, upon closing the circuit vthroughthe cell and simultaneously surround- 1 ingthecellwith chlorine, the voltageof the cell drops due to the initial polarization ofthe cathodejbefore the water dissolves sufllcient chlorine ,7 forceffeotive depolarization. Subsequently, the

the lifeof the cell,;othe r condivoltage ofjthe cell increases due tothe depolar- ....ization of thecathode as the water dissolve It is. physicallypossible to fill the pore opensings, of the cathodewith water or aqueous elecitrolyt cannot enter thepores and the only depolariza- -:tlonis that'occurringat the edges of the ,oath- -1Od6.01" that dueto the slow diffusion of dissolved itchlorineto the --;The. amount of but in such,.,oas e the depolarizing igas inner: portions of, the cathode.

water in the cathode shouldbe '1 such that the surfaces of all of, the, particleseare p as permeable to gas as wet and that thewet-xcathode is iat least. 1.13% is the cathode ifino water were present. t." .t I

The cathodecake is preferably from, to /2 inch thick, and maybe up to.i;1-,inch, ormore;

. thick for long life'cells and asthinasi VainCh,

or less, for short-life; lightweight cells, ---O,ther conditions being. the same, a thicker cathode givesa cell of longer life as thereismQIfi Water present to absorb depolarization, products and there is a larger surface for depolarizatiorn:'-v

iThe 1 aqueous electrolyte preferably carries from 5 to 10 grams'of zinc-chloride ;,to 95,110." 90

grams Of water, but may carry upnhtofhil grams for the chloride to 50 grams of water where-there is danger of the cell freezing.

cells, where there is no danger of freezing; there may be as little as 3 grams orga 011, :witn sufficient water to; make 100 grarns solution.

In ma n t e t p eleatheder the acety ene black had amean ultimate particle diameter of 43 millimicrons; Blackswith particle sizes ftrom t 100 m e o s may be us d. heefie t of using the smaller particle; size is to increase the sorption of-eiectro yte and gas, and: increase the active cathode area. l'he enect or using the larger particle size is the reverse ofQthe above.

The performance of the cell is dependent upon the pressure of chlorine within the c ell. Aspre viousiy stated, the depolarizing eiiect of theonlol' n ent PQ i a a la li l Qij-l h cathode; and with cells of any given thickness, porosity and wetness of cathode, the .greatermthe chlorine pressure to which i the. cell; subjected, the better is the depolarizatiohand; the greater the-permissible current drain withthe least'lowering of voltagegand the longer .thei1ife of ithe cell; and the quicker thepchiorine pressuregis built up around and within the:cel1-',, the sooner the cell reaches maximum performance. i

- 5;. With cells-having cathodes of a molded porosityf 31:1 a fi al ckness .or: one; inch. .2

maximum-distance, of 0.90-inch for'the chlorine. to

penetrate the cathode fromany. edge orphannel and open, circuit voltage of 2J1;,operating- -voltages of -l.85 at a current drainpf' 0.77 ;ampere per square inch werereachedyinlessthama minute after the admission of,chlorine to the cel1s,-;it taking less than a minutetojobui-ld up-a chlorine pressure of 90 pounds per; squarerinch -in.the;=con- ,tainer. The higher the. chlorine pressure-.;and the more porous the cathode; andiztheless moisture in the cathode .(providedia11coiithecathode particles, are wet), thenrmore nearly; and

. quickly the-voltage approachesthe ,maximumzfu load voltage; possible; and, the smaller; ;the,.cur-

preaches theopen circuit voltage Thehigher t chlorine. p su thesreater the amount-o chlorine-that canbe forceddnto the moistureyof rent drain, the morenearly thegloadwolta'ge-flpthe cathode and the longerthe life. of theFcell.

-:.The speed with which aybattery of cells: is:toact vat eur t-whi ri ism-deliv r: an th length-of time that the battery must deliver the current may be, controlled by, the rate atrwhich 1 the chlorin'eisadmitted-.to-the gbatteryhousing,

a radio station,.,inwcase of-powerH-failurenprobably requiring a source of, hlgh -current at? relatively constant voltage for several 'minutes but available in a secondorso anda small; telephone switchboard probably requiring: .a;.;*m0.derate amount of current at relativelyconsta-nt voltage available in a matter; vof minutes butaover acneriod ofseveralrhours.; ;or...severalidays. .Forzthe,

' :radi'dstation} high:

11 chlorine pressures of 100 lpounds are built up in azse'cond or 1ess; andior the switchboard, a mere trickle 'of-.-.ch1orine,

which may even supply chlorine only at the rate anode'surtace consumed only 4.9 grams of chlorineper minute.

T facilitate chlorinepenetraticn into the cath'de foi quick activation-of the cell, channels may De -formed inthe cathode extending into the cathode-front the edges or extending-entirely through the cathode from" edge to edge dividing the cathode? The channels-preferably are from -about ii te fli inch wide and are so 's'pac'ed that the -distaz rcerrom any channel to alibfihi (Shahher-tom) edge'or thecathode' is betweehfl-and 2 metres. The widthof: the channels and their distanceapart-depends-upon-the pdrosity of the cathode -and the pressure of chlorine gas maintained in the cell chamben Where the-cathode: j lutsa-l-iigh porosity of-'70'% -and-operates at a high chlorine pressure of 100 ounds per square inch,

the=-channels ean-be 4- inchesanartfor active- Finches apart-for'activation of the cel-lwithin 'about -aminute. 'Where the cathode is more ron activatidm of the cell within- 30 seconds.-

- ably used-particularly when a light-weight cll i's desired or-amellcontaihing a large amount --of water =3I-1d;- 3 -'=Vry soft anode paste-end hard c'athodez or a cell u nder relatively high com--'- pression isprepareda If the separator were not used; th'e're'e would be danger or thecath'ode mix separatorl-8-may-be omitted butis preter 'r-diately, adjacentzlfaces of the anode; paste and the cathode; renderinga'llof the .chntactlng ;iarts vquite soft'and assuring 'good physicali-gandz-electricalcontact, andv enables air bubhleskta-be the cell uses it in deliveringthe relatively small 5 eliminated from theinterf-electrode contaotscand k' current demanded, may result in pressures lower seals the' anode compartmentl'against chlorine wthan atmospheric continued for hours or days. gas. Other separator material'slwhich maybe Y A -fiattery of cells having a total active anode used are the textiles; either wovengifelted'por ara-of 258s'quare'inches delivering current at I otherwise prepared-poi glass,.syrithetic-materials therate-of 0.85 ampere per square inch of active 10 or vegetable or mineral vfibresziwhich are not :dis-

integrated by' chlorine or the electrolyte Where cathodes lowin strength are used; it mayhemvantageous to moldithe cathodeinixdirectl'si onto --;one surface of tlie separator: wl iichzreirifbrces the molded cake, and facilitates lapplicationyof the cake to the retainer when theoellxis as- ,sembled. r I a; 1 .21

The electrolyte is preferably the chldridebf-the metal of the anode, the preferredanodemeing amalgamated zinc. Hydrochloric: a'cidds cons'idered for electrolyte purposes but; ifiused; al-

lowance has to he made in' the thickness=fifthe anode for the 'corrosive action of: theia'cidprior to use of the cell. The preferred 'electr'olytesoliition is an aqueous solution of the electrolyte salt in the proportion of: from 5' to lui-parts' bylwe'ight of zinc chlo'ride to 95 to 90 parts of water? More or less zinc chloride may be usedguthe'greater-the proportion of the salt up toa- 25 iier cent-solution, the more conductive the cell and: "the; :less the internal resistance; -thi'a higher the proper:- tion the salt the lesjs' is; the amount (if-chlorine and hydrochloric acid which the =cathode water 7 will absorb an'd the' shdrter the l'ife or .the cen. The smaller the proportion oflsalti -the'less; is the initial conductivity ofitl'ie 'cell andtheg'reater the internal resistancebut the ranger the: life of the'cell." J I r The aqueouselectfolyte solution used the anode paste preferably contains mercuric chloride in amounts corresponding to" 2 milligrams up'to 15- milligrams-persquare inch of active anode area, andvar-yin'g a's the thickness o'f-the anode m'et'alis increased or decrased-,-- the effect Of-Whichis t amalgamate-thesurface-of the zinc anode. The mercuric chlor'i e"* niay he omitted Where th'e z'inc is previouslyamalgapenetrating-the anode-paste and making electrical contact with the -anode,- particular-ly where a -thindayer of-soft -anode pasteisused. The s'ep'a-" ratomis sufficienti bibulous and porous that it A-imposes at minimum electrical resistance -in'- the --ce1=t butiis' sum'ciently tough: that i-t is not punc- 1:1-,ured; attleastito any appreciabla extent; by: the wcathddeimix arid1thus2prevent's the -cathode trom, j touching-"the: anoda' a'nd-f seals the anodecompartmenn: Theseparator, however-As quiterstift L andpfiexibleiand isnot disintegrated bythe other materiaiszof the celi; andthustheseparator:pro-

I i-dea er highly conductive, long-lasting physical,

"barrierhetweemthe anode andthacathodd-preierablysufiiciently sottand porous' toireceive with slight embedmentl portions if of the anode paste V of other-mercury salts; partieularly aiid particles or the-cathode mix so thatgood electrical contactis" made with both" the'-- anode pastel-and the cathode; sufii'cicntly flexible that a: tight: 'physic'al engagement; with the ano'de pa'steand'hyvirtue of lts contact wi-th the z etainen prevents even an eatremeiy so'it anode -paste I from running" out of J the compartments:

rormezrby 1 the r'etai'nen the anode and the sepa- ,ra tori but sufi'lciently tou gh that it does not tear and: an'ow -the'cathode to: contact: the anode;

-- rhe separator is preferahly a sh'ee't'i-of k-r ait s separatorli :isi preterably" wet: with the: aqueous eleetrolytesoluti'onl beiore -beingi appliedta the anod'e paste and:retain'er; i I The' 'wetting' sdf-t'ens the separator amaterial and, where thoroughly mated; or where non amaleamated zific'afiode is used; The mercuric chloriden'la's' beretilaced in Whole" or inpai t w ith c'orres ondmg: Weights half es; or with chroma-tes or other corrosion-retarding compounds.- where zinc isfth metal-ion o the e1ecti01-y-te',- 'th'eaqueous eiectroiyte Sdlutiiri -is preferablyacidified wit ydiochloricacid to a pH of 5 orbelow; ab'o'u 2 drops -of' 37% h ydrochloric acidper qu-artof' electrolyte being "dde'd, td prevei lt the preci itate Of basicz'ifl S'BIlts during preparation-of the celli During reduction and s'torage of the--c e1l,--theffect- 0f he'acid in the case o'f thea'no'de" o rez'ndve the- Oxide film and facilitate-amalga' "next of the z'i'ne by 1 the mercury 'salt.- In thecase' of the cathode the efiectisnil.- Whereniagnesiumpamm and iron are the metals of thelectrolytp curicchloride is preferably not usedi I he pH values of the aqueous electrolyte solutiohs 'should be-12-14; for the caustic -electrolyte foi Iiiagnesium, "-about 4for the alurnlnum =chloride -electrolyte fon an aluminum'anode and about .S 'for theferrous chloride electrolyte= for an iron-anode.

In a battery, any number of cell's may b'efiar- :ranged in series orin -parallel 'or may-ba mranged in-gr'oup'swhich are -in turn arrangetmn seriesor in parallel m give su'ch current and-W617;-

"2 13 age for such a length of time as 'isdesired. For typical cells, the open circuit voltages and the closed circuit voltages at current drains of pfi'l fa eg x ver's e e me:

a R Yates? Mag esium (a bpgn'caua..;.ij....,.;' 2.75-2.85 2.65-2.10 (b) Closed circuit (0.77 a./in. 2. s2. 50 1.75-1.85

For .a battery with cells arranged to give 114 .kilowattsior3 n1inutes;(5,.7 kilowatt hours), the

materials used. andconsumed were:

By using No. 3 gauge zinc (0.006 inch) the weight of zinc used can be reduced to 163 pounds. Thirmer magnesium may also be used and still thinner sheets of other anode metals may be used provided they are stiffer than battery grade zinc.

The battery containing the cells disclosed herein is primarily intended to be a' versatile standby battery which can be called upon in an emergency or whenever desired to deliver either an exceedingly high current at high voltage in less than a second after demand or a lower current at a lower voltage in more than a second after demand, depending, for cells of the same characteristics (porosity, moisture content, etc.) upon the chlorine pressure and the rate at which chlorine pressure is built up around the cells, a

.high chlorine pressure built up in less than a second giving a high output in less than a second and the same chlorine pressure built up over a space of minutes, hours or days giving the output at a lower current drain but over a longer time. Thus cells have been found operable at current densities ranging from 5 amperes or less up to 225 amperes per square foot of active anode surface. The high current densities possible with the cells of the present invention are due in part to the non-polarizing or quick depolarizing nature of the cathode. With cathodes of high porosity operating at high chlorine pressures, the voltage is relatively constant over a wide range of current drains, until the cell is exhausted. The high current densities are made possible by the cathode which is sufliciently moist that substantially all of the particles of the black are covered with films of moisture but the depolarizing gas in the gaseous phase is accessible to all of the films whereby the depolarizing agent can quickly get to all surfaces to be depolarized and the products of the depolarizing reaction can quickly move away from the surface.

What is claimed is:

1. A battery of cells of the type recited in claim 3 assembled with the anode of one cell adjacent the cathode of an adjoining cell, said anode and cathode being separated by a non-porous conductor.

2. A battery of dry cells of the deferred action. gas-depolarized type, each cell comprising a sheet zinc .anode, a cathode comprising electrolyte and particles ofzacetylene black of chain; type .structureihaving .amean..ultimate .particleadiameter between 5 and 100 millimicrons. thesporosity. of the cathode being. between 5%., and. 70% .19. .con- .tinuous spacing and electrolyte-retaining :e1ement bearing gagainst the peripheral portion ut the anode leaving the centrala-sporti'ona.ofithe anode exposed, a bibulous sheet covering that face of the 'electrolyteeretaining element away from the anode and forming a chamber having the anode and the bibulous sheet as floor and ceiling and the electrolyte-retaining element as the peripheral .wall; electrolytei'n the bibulous sheet, flowresistant electrolyte filling the chamber and in contact with thel anode ,.and- .sheet, the flow-resistant electrolyte comprising from to parts, by weight, of water, from 5 to 10 parts of zinc chloride and sufhcient water-soluble methyl cellulose to give the flow-resistant electrolyte a consistency within the range from a viscosity of 100,000 centipoises to a paste, the cathode bearing against said sheet and compressing the sheet against the flow-resistant electrolyte, and a conductive, non-porous carbon sheet bearing on the face of the cathode away from said bibulous sheet; other cells of the battery bearing against adjacent cells with the anode of one cell against the non-porous conductive carbon sheet of an adjoining cell; and means to surround the cells with a gas containing a member of the group consisting of chlorine and bromine.

3. A primary dry cell of the deferred action, gas depolarized type comprising a moist porous carbon cathode; a consumable metal anode; a spacer element between the adjacent portions of the anode and cathode and forming the periphery of a closed chamber for electrolyte; within the chamber an electrolyte material having a flow resistance within the range from a viscosity of 100,000 centipoises to a paste; the whole adapted to deliver current upon the entry of gaseous chlorine into the pores of the cathode; an ionically permeable, electrolyte-insoluble separator sheet between the electrolyte material and the cathode; means to hold the anode and cathode in position compressing the electrolyte material within the chamber and compressing the spacing element to prevent leakage of'the said material; a casing enclosing the aforesaid parts; valve means for admitting gas to the cathode within the casing, the casing being gas tight when said valve means are closed; the pores of the cathode containing insufficient water to block the passage of gas through substantially the entire body of the cathode.

4. A dry cell of the structure stated in claim 3 Within the cathode is principally carbon black with a chain type of structure and ultimate particle diameters of from 5 to millimicrons.

5. A dry cell of the structure stated in claim 3 wherein the cathode contains at least one channel extending from the periphery of the cathode into the body thereof to pass gas from the interior of the casing into the body of the cathode.

6. A dry cell of the structure stated in claim 3 wherein the electrolyte material contains surficient water-soluble alkyl cellulose .to give said. electrolyte material the flow resistance stated in claim 3.

'7. A dry cell of the structure stated in claim 3 wherein the anode is a member of the group of metals consisting of aluminum, magnesium, zinc, iron, cadmium, nickel and copper.

8. A dry cell of the structure stated in claim'3 

